Characteristics Of Authentic Christian Spirituality

†¢ There are 7 distinguishing characteristics of authentic Christian spirituality. First, Christian spirituality is Trinitarian, meaning there is a relationship with the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Second, it is revelational, meaning God speaks to His people through various ways. Third, Christian spirituality is Christ-centered, meaning we have an intimate relationship with Christ and we strive to resemble him. Fourth, it is creational, meaning responsibility and self-discipline should be practiced when dealing with the world’s materials. Fifth, it is salvational, meaning it is a progressive transformation from the salvation to perfecting of a new body at Jesus’s second coming, also known as progressive sanctification. Sixth, Christian spirituality is individual and corporate, meaning one is responsible for individual spiritual growth, but other saints are also accountable for each other. Lastly, it is pneumatic, meaning Holy Spirit empowers His people to have fellowship and bear fruit. †¢ In my opinion, the sixth characteristic, individual and corporate spirituality, is in danger of being neglected in the contemporary church. With growing individualism, Christians live a distinct spiritual life from people around them and saints are not accountable for each other. People may fall in a cycle of sin, but since they do not have people around them to share or be accountable, it is exhausting for them to come out of the cycle. Some are offended if a fellow ChristianShow MoreRelatedEssay on The History of Catholicism an How Its Depicted1201 Words   |  5 Pagesstartled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. 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Can Arbitrage Exist In Stock Market Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2062 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Arbitrage basically refers to the practice of taking advantages of the difference between the prices in two different markets. The advantage is the profit being the difference between the market prices. Arbitrage is an activity of purchasing or buying in one market and simultaneously selling them in another different market. In the other meanings, it means that arbitrage attempts the profit by exploiting the price differences of identical or similar financial instruments, on different markets or in different forms. An arbitrage also refers to a transaction which involved no negative cash flows at any temporal or probabilistic state and a positive cash flow in at least one state. It is the possibility of a risk free profit or risk-free gain at zero cost. Arbitrage traders are known as arbitrageurs and the term arbitrage are primarily implemented in the buying and selling of financial instruments, for example stocks, bonds, derivatives, commodities, as well as curre ncies or foreign exchange. The condition is known as an arbitrage-free market or arbitrage equilibrium if there is a condition that no profit could be made out from arbitrage transactions. All the prices existing in that market are responsible for forming such a condition. An arbitrage equilibrium or arbitrage-free market functions as a prerequisite for a general economic equilibrium. This process only takes place under few conditions. Firstly, an arbitrage takes place when the same financial instrument is not traded at equal prices in every market and this condition is known as the law of one price. Secondly, it happens when two financial instruments that have similar cash flows but not traded at the same prices in the market. Lastly, an arbitrage will takes place when a commodity, which has a fixed price in the future, is not traded at the present time at a risk free interest rate and future discounted price. Arbitrage can be categorized into three groups in the real world w hich are pure arbitrage, near arbitrage and also speculative arbitrage. Pure arbitrage is the arbitrage where someone risks nothing and earns more than the riskless rate. For the near arbitrage, it is where someone has assets that have identical or almost identical cash flows, trading at different prices but there is no guarantee that the prices will converge and there exist significant constraints on the investors forcing convergence. Speculative arbitrage is an arbitrage which it may not really be arbitrage in the first place and at here, the arbitrageurs take advantage of what they see as mispriced and similar assets, they will buy the cheaper one and selling it with expensive in different markets. There are many different types of arbitrage appear in the markets such as municipal bond arbitrage, merger arbitrage, depository receipts, convertible bond arbitrage, statistical arbitrage, covered interest arbitrage, uncovered interest arbitrage, triangle arbitrage, telecom arbitra ge, political arbitrage, regulatory arbitrage, fixed income arbitrage and volatility arbitrage. Municipal bond arbitrage is one type of the arbitrage which is also known as municipal arbitrage or municipal bond relative value arbitrage. This is basically a hedge fund strategy. In case of municipal bond arbitrage, the hedge fund managers apply two approaches. The first approach is seeking the relative value benefits both in case of short-term municipal bonds and long-term municipal bonds through a duration-neutral look. The second approach refers to the interest rate swaps between the municipal bonds. Another type of arbitrage is merger arbitrage, which is also known as risk arbitrage. In this type of arbitrage, it usually includes buying the target companys stock. Generally, the market of the target company is below the price proffered by the acquiring company. The swell between these two prices depends primarily upon the probability and the timing of the takeover being accomp lished in addition to the prevailing level of interest rates. The stock of a particular company which is going to be taken over is purchased and at the same the time, the stock of the company which is going to take over the former company are short sold. A depository receipts is a form of a security which is provided in the form of a tracking stock on a financial market located in another country. At here, the profit is arises from the spread between the real value and the perceived value. For statistical arbitrage, it refers to a discrepancy in the expected nominal value. In this kind of arbitrage, the arbitrageurs will take the advantages of the differences in anticipated values. Volatility arbitrage is a form of statistical arbitrage. It is used with the help of buying and selling of a delta neutral option portfolio and the underlies of the portfolio. Besides that, another type of arbitrage is convertible bond arbitrage. A convertible bond is a type of bond which can be con verted into a specified number of shares of a company or considered as a corporate bond with a stock call option attached to it. Convertible bond prices are dependent on three elements which are the credit spread, the stock price and the interest rate. The profit of a convertible bond arbitrage arises from the functions of these elements. For example the stock price, when the price of the stock is convertible to moves higher, the price of the bond tends to rise. Covered interest arbitrage is a financial instrument or security bought by an investor in the domination of a foreign exchange or foreign currency and the foreign risk hedged through the sale of a forward contract in the sales proceeds of the financial instrument again in the domestic currency. The investor is able to know the exact proceeds of the transaction only if the investment is risk-free in nature and interest is received by the investor only once. The interest is paid to the investor on a particular day when the forward contract sale in foreign exchanges takes place. Alternatively, there is a certain degree of foreign currency risk involved. For uncovered interest arbitrage, it is a type of arbitrage where there is a transfer of funds to overseas locations taking the benefit of enhanced interest rates in foreign exchange bureaus or foreign exchange agencies. In this type of investments, the domestic currency is changed over to a foreign exchange and again at the maturity period, the proceeds from the foreign exchange are reconverted to the base or domestic currency. There is an involvement of foreign currency risk because of the probable decrease in the value of the foreign exchange in the duration of investment period. Both forms of interest arbitrage, covered interest arbitrage and uncovered interest arbitrage have become quite popular in various sector of the financial market. For regulatory arbitrage, this arbitrage is the one that includes a regulated institution or organization to take the advantage or benefit of the difference between the regulatory position and the economic or the real risk. Another type of arbitrage is triangle arbitrage. This arbitrage is also known as triangular arbitrage and in this approach, the benefits or the advantages are taken out from a condition of disequilibrium lying between three foreign markets. For the telecom arbitrage, this type of arbitrage strategy is utilized by the Telecom arbitrage organizations, such as Action Telecom UK. However, there is also a political arbitrage. In this kind of arbitrage, political knowledge or calculations about the future are implemented for discounting and forecasting values of securities. The major factor in the values of some foreign government bonds is the risk of default, which is political decision taken by the countrys government. Fixed income arbitrage is another one important form of arbitrage. In this type of arbitrage, the investment strategies are usually or primarily related t o the hedge funds. The investment strategy involved in fixed income arbitrage comprises of finding and capitalization of the defects in bond pricing. The processes of fixed income arbitrage are applied in the case of financial instruments which issued by both private sector issuers and public sector issuers and it carried a fixed and contractual flow of incomes. Majority numbers of the arbitrageurs who are involved in this fixed income arbitrage strategy carry out their trading operations on a global basis. For the purpose of accomplishing both of the objectives of minimum unpredictability and stable return, the arbitrageurs often concentrates on the United States non-US government bond arbitrage, where the interest rate are swaps, the United States treasury securities, mortgage-backed securities (MBS), as well as the forward yield curves. Fixed income arbitrage is also a type of an investment strategy, which tries to gain from the chances of arbitrage from the securities which c arrying the interest rates. At the time of utilizing the strategy of fixed income arbitrage, the investors may presumes counterbalancing positioning in the market in order to avail the benefit of minor price deviations and at the same time, restricting the interest rates risk. The strategy of this fixed income arbitrage is principally implemented by the reputed investments banks and the hedge fund institutions all over the world. The most basic type of income arbitrage is the swap-spread arbitrage. This has comprises the holding counterbalancing short and long positions in case of treasury bonds and swaps. These types of strategies have offered the comparatively lower degree of return and also some of the instances, substantially large amount of losses. Generally, the application of this kind of arbitrage is equated or likened with running ahead of a steamroller for picking up nickels existing on the path. This is because of the risk factor which involved in fixed income arbitrage. As a conclusion, there are many different types of arbitrage appear in the different market. Each type of the arbitrage has its own characteristics. Arbitrage is a way to make almost guaranteed profit but there is also a risk due to this arbitrage. For example, in order to take advantage of price differentials and information disparity between traders or arbitrageurs within the market, the traders must usually be completed within a short space of one another. Otherwise, the market will, theoretically, account for the uneven pricing and correct by itself. For this reason, many arbitrageurs on betting exchanges use software designed to find and exploit price differences between traders faster than possible manually. Another risk of arbitrage is a lack of liquidity in the market. Liquidity is effectively how much the money there is in that particular market and therefore how likely someone else is able to buy something that is for sale. If theres not enough liquidity in the market, no one will buy the funds that the traders sell. Arbitrage has the effect to cause the prices in different markets to converge. As a result of the arbitrage, the currency exchange rates, the price of the commodities and the price of the securities in different markets tend to converge. However, arbitrage tends to reduce price discrimination by encouraging people to buy an item where the price is low and resell it where the price is high. Arbitrage transactions in modern securities markets involve fairly low day to day risks but can face extremely high risk in rare situations, particularly can lead to financial crises and the bankruptcy. Stock market is basically refers to a particular market where the stocks and the bonds are traded or a place where the stock exchange. Arbitrage can and it does exist in stock market. Different types of stock market may exist of different types of arbitrage. In the concept of the stock market, traders often try to exploit arbitrage opportunitie s to make and attempt the profits. An arbitrageur would short sell the higher priced stock and buy the stock with lower priced in two different stock markets in order to attempt their profits. Besides that, the trader may buy a stock on a foreign exchange where the price has not yet adjusted for the constantly fluctuating exchange rate. The price of the stock on the foreign exchange is therefore undervalued compared to the price on the local exchange and the arbitrageur makes a profit from this difference. If all the stock markets were perfectly efficient, there would never be any arbitrage opportunities but unfortunately markets seldom remain perfect. However, it is important to note that even when the markets have a discrepancy in pricing between two equal goods, there is not always an arbitrage opportunities. Besides that, transaction costs can turn a possible arbitrage situation into one that has no benefit to the potential arbitrager. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can Arbitrage Exist In Stock Market Example For Free" essay for you Create order

Blood Station Free Essays

My eyes slid open, I saw that I was completely frozen head to toe. I wasn’t the only one here though, there were hundreds, thousands, even millions! The only thing I could do was move my eyes, everything else was frozen solid. That was strange because I felt water trickling down my body. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Station or any similar topic only for you Order Now My hair felt loose. Slowly I unfroze more and more, until eventually I could move more freely. I gazed around only to find that I was trapped in a rather small tube. There were tubes piercing into my arms draining blood. One of my kind, a human, was walking past so I tried to act frozen again but it wasn’t working, I knew this because he started rummaging in his pocket. He pulled out a key which was bland and boxlike. He approached my tube, shivers blazed down my spine; he enclosed the key closer to my tube. By this point in time my body had been freed and I was able to move around. The door made a clicking noise as he put the key into it; I presumed that the door was unlocked, so I kicked as hard and as fast as I could. The door flew open and knocked him flat against another row of tube running parallel to mine. I hopped out to take his keys and hide him in my tube. I noticed that I was naked, so I stripped him to his underwear and dressed up in his security uniform, I tossed him in to my tube. The key for my tube was still in the keyhole of my door, so fully clothed I locked the door to conceal him in my tube. Now I was safe I looked around, it was a blood station. The guard in my tank was kicking and screaming now. I noticed a dial and a tin screen on my tube. I turned the dial; the screen now read â€Å"0 gallons of water/ice† so I kept turning until it read â€Å"100†. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 it went higher and higher, 60, 70, 80, 90, max. So I then I pushed the green button. Water flooded into the tank and filled it top to bottom and froze suddenly. The tubes that must have slipped out of me I saw winding through the tube and slipping into his arms like syringes. I looked around again luckily it was an old factory and my tube was right next to one of the fire exits. I walked casually out of the door, there were no guards, and it must have been the one I locked in my tube. It was a desert outside, literally. Mountains of sand were getting blown around by the soft breeze. The sandy mountains were surrounded by three scruffy looking houses, apart from that there was nothing, just a big outstretch of desert. I knocked on one of the doors belong to which was attached to one of the houses. A panel slid open to reveal a pair of eyes squinting at me. â€Å"Alright officer† he grumbled â€Å"password please?† â€Å"What password?† I queried â€Å"I don’t know of any password† â€Å"Last chance bub† he grunted at me. â€Å"But I haven’t been told about any password† I came out with sounding like a child that had been caught misbehaving. The door swung open faster than the door I has kicked earlier. A big man came into focus, he had torn uniform and a goatee beard, and he was extremely buff. He grabbed me by the scruff of my neck and dragged me back in to the old factory. I cringed as the guard walked past my tank. He glanced at it as he walked past but he didn’t stop. He walked on a bit then doubled back to get a closer look. â€Å"John?† he mumbled to himself. He hit the drain button and the tube slowly started to drain again. Once it has he unlocked the door and swung it open. John spat out â€Å"him! He put me in here, he’s a donor!† The other guard turned round and gave me a funny look and ripped john’s clothes clean off of me. He took john out the tank, john started to get dressed. The buff guard threw me in and I smacked my face off the backing of the tube, the door slammed shut. I felt water rushing in; it was at my neck now. I took my last breath and it all went dark. How to cite Blood Station, Papers